This is interesting and hopeful...

Molecule blocks flu infection, U.S. researchers say

Wed Oct 4, 7:59 PM ET

CHICAGO (Reuters) - A fragment of a human protein that blocks influenza viruses -- including avian flu -- from attaching to and infecting cells holds promise if laboratory experiments are borne out, researchers said on Wednesday.

The discovery of the peptide by University of Wisconsin scientists, which published their findings in the Journal of Virology, may lead to an entirely new antiviral drug that could thwart H5N1 and other virulent flu strains that pose a threat of a global epidemic.

In tests on mice and in laboratory cultures, the molecule provided total protection against infection by influenza viruses, including H5N1. It also halted the spread of viruses in animals that were in the early stages of infection.

The molecule, known as an "entry blocker," is a fragment of a larger human protein that helps things pass through membranes such as those that encapsulate cells.

Though its precise mechanism is not fully understood, the peptide blocks the virus' ability to latch onto a key cell surface molecule it uses to get inside cells. To survive in a host, a virus needs to infect more cells to produce more infectious particles that spread to still more cells.

"It attacks a completely different part of the virus life cycle" than current antiviral drugs, said study co-author Curtis Brandt of the University of Wisconsin.

"The virus can't even get into the cell. The peptide is blocking the very earliest step in infection," he said in a statement.

Much work remains to determine how well a drug based on the molecule would work, the optimal dosage, and its safety, before it is tested on humans, the researchers said. It might become part of a drug "cocktail," much like those used to combat the
AIDS virus.

Vaccines are considered the best defense against flu viruses, though a vaccine against H5N1 or some other virulent strain takes time to produce. Scientists fear avian flu will evolve into a form that passes easily from person to person and kill millions of people.

An antiviral based on the entry blocker could allow the body time to develop immunity to the viral particles that remain, the researchers said.

Current antiviral drugs do not cure a flu infection but are designed to reduce the number of days a person is sick and make the illness less severe.

There are already signs that the H5N1 virus can develop resistance to these drugs. There are two antiviral drugs known to work against H5N1 flu -- Roche Holding AG's and Gilead Sciences Inc's Tamiflu, known generically as oseltamivir, and GlaxoSmithKline's Relenza, known generically as zanamivir.